Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) have become one of the most significant obstacles in international trade. Unlike tariffs, which are direct taxes on imports or exports, NTBs are regulatory, procedural, or administrative measures that can restrict or complicate trade across borders. These measures often increase costs and cause delays, especially for small and mid-sized exporters and importers.
This guide outlines real-world examples of non-tariff barriers to trade, with particular attention to UK-based importers and exporters operating globally.
What Are Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
Non-tariff barriers are restrictions that governments apply to imported or exported goods that do not involve actual duties. They are used to regulate markets, enforce product standards, protect local industries, or comply with health and safety objectives. However, when misused, they can distort competition and limit trade unnecessarily.
Why Non-Tariff Barriers Matter in Global Trade
As countries enter into more free trade agreements (FTAs) and lower formal tariffs, NTBs have become a primary means of regulating trade. In many cases, NTBs now present more of a hurdle than tariffs themselves. Businesses need to recognize and respond to these barriers proactively.
Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
Here are some of the most common non-tariff barriers affecting international trade in 2025:
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs)
Example: The UK requires imported electronics and machinery to comply with UKCA marking standards, which replaced the CE mark after Brexit. Even products already certified in the EU may need to go through separate testing and relabeling.
Source: WTO TBT Committee — www.wto.org
Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures
Example: Importing organic food products into India requires additional FSSAI certification, even when the goods already meet USDA or EU organic standards. This adds documentation and delay for perishable goods.
Source: UK SPS guidance — www.gov.uk
Quotas and Import Licensing
Example: The UK imposes tariff rate quotas on sensitive agricultural products like dairy and meat. Imports exceeding quota limits are subject to higher tariffs, and licenses are required to import under quota thresholds.
Bureaucratic Delays and Customs Procedures
Example: Poor classification or incomplete customs paperwork can result in delayed goods at the UK border. Inaccurate documentation may also cause unexpected storage fees and regulatory audits.
Digital solutions from platforms like Commenda help prevent such errors through automated classification and real-time filing tools.
Local Content Requirements
Example: Some developing economies require a percentage of a product’s components to be manufactured locally in order to access public tenders. This may exclude UK or EU exporters unless they adjust their sourcing strategy.
Two Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
- Mandatory animal testing for cosmetics imports into certain countries, even when cruelty-free alternatives exist.
- Extensive export licensing requirements for dual-use technologies such as satellite components or cybersecurity tools.
These measures do not involve customs duties but still function as restrictive trade barriers.
UK-Specific Non-Tariff and Tariff Barrier Examples
| Barrier Type | Example (UK Context) | Business Impact |
|---|---|---|
| Tariff | 10 percent duty on footwear imports from non-FTA countries | Higher pricing or need to restructure supply chain |
| Technical barrier (TBT) | Mandatory UKCA labeling for electronics | Additional compliance cost and time |
| SPS requirement | Extra inspection on EU meat post-Brexit | Customs delays and added costs |
| Licensing barrier | Indian export controls on textile shipments | Delayed fulfillment for UK fashion buyers |
How to Navigate Non-Tariff Barriers
- Review your product’s HS code and check if it falls under special regulatory regimes in your destination market.
- Use digital compliance platforms like Commenda to automate customs documentation and flag NTB risks.
- Stay updated with relevant FTA rules or bilateral agreements that may reduce or eliminate NTB exposure.
- Consult official WTO and government portals for country-specific NTB alerts and guidance.
Final Thoughts
Non-tariff barriers to trade are now more prevalent and complex than ever. While they often serve legitimate regulatory purposes, they can act as de facto trade restrictions if not properly managed. Whether you are trading with the UK, India, or other WTO members, knowing the types of NTBs and planning around them is essential.
By understanding and anticipating non-tariff barriers, businesses can protect margins, improve delivery times, and strengthen global partnerships.
